CSET Subtest 1, CA History

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California History

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Identify the impact of California's physical geography on its history.

• Mountain ranges isolated early settlers from the cultures that dev. in neighboring Mexico and the Western US
• Mountain ranges and deserts made it diff for indigenous groups to travel far; the regions native peoples were even isolated from each other, tending to live in large family groups or clans with little political structure (unlike larger tribes and nations to the east)
• Mountains made extensive warfare impractical resulting in a peaceful life
• Central Valley has lots if fertile farmland
• Lack of rain during the growing season meant ag was not a practical means of livelihood, but gentle climate and rich soil enabled these groups to live by skillfully harvesting and processing wild nuts and berries and by capturing the fish that crowded the streams

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Describe the geography, economic activities, … of CA's American Indian Peoples.

GEO: Seacoasts, tidewaters, rivers, lakes, redwood forests, valleys, deserts, fertile farmland, and mountains—provided ample sustenance
ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES:
• Hunting, fishing, and collecting wild plant foods
Equipment (bows and arrows, throwing sticks, fishing gear, snares, and traps) made by men; women made gathering implements (nets, baskets, etc) as well as clothing, pots, and cooking utensils
• Chumash of southern coastal California made seaworthy plank canoes from which they hunted large sea mammals.
• Peoples living on bays and lakes used tule rafts
• Riverine groups had flat-bottom dugouts made by hollowing out large logs
Traditional food-preservation techniques included drying, hermetic sealing, and the leaching of those foods, notably acorns that were high in acid content.
Milling and grinding equipment was also common.
Goods and foodstuff were distributed through reciprocal exchange between kin and through large trading fairs, which were often ritualized. Both operated similarly by re-distributing and banking system for easily spoiled food; a group with surplus edibles would exchange for durable goods (such as shells) that could be used to acquire fresh food in return.
• Most California groups incl. pro traders who traveled long distances (Arizona or New Mexico) among the many tribes. Generally, shells from the coastal areas were valued and exchanged for products of the inland areas, such as obsidian. Medicines, manufactured goods such as baskets, and other objects were also common items of exchange.

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Describe the … folklore and religion of California's American Indian peoples.

• Freq the priests, shamans, and ritualists in a community org themselves around 1 of 2 religious systems: the Kuksu in the north and the Toloache in the south.. Both involved the formal indoctrination of initiates and—potentially, depending upon the individual—a series of subsequent status promotions within the religious society; these processes could literally occupy initiates, members, and mentors throughout their lifetimes.
• Members of these religious societies exercised considerable economic, political, and social influence in the community.
• In the Kuksu religion, colorful and dramatic costumes and equipment were used during ritual impersonations of specific spirit-beings. Within the Toloache religion, initiates performed while drinking a hallucinogenic decoction made of the jimsonweed plant; the drug put them in a trance and provided them with supernatural knowledge about their future lives and roles as members of the sacred societies.
Religions on the Colorado River differed slightly because they were not concerned with developing formal organizations and recruitment procedures. Individuals rec’d religious info through dreams, and members recited long narrative texts, explaining the creation of the world, the travel of culture heroes, and the adventures of historic figures.
• In the NW part of the culture area, rituals concerned world renewal (as in the white-deerskin dance) and involved the recitation of myths that were privately owned—that is, for which the prerogative of recitation belonged to only a few individuals. 1 communal need served by these ceremonies was the reification (or, sometimes, restructuring) of relationships. The display of costumes and valuable possessions (such as white deerskins or delicately chipped obsidian blades) reaffirmed social ranking, and the success of the ritual reaffirmed the orderly relationship of humanity to the supernatural.
Use of supernatural power to control events or transform reality was basic to every California group. Generally, magic was used in attempts to control the weather, increase the harvest of crops, and foretell the future. Magic or sorcery was deemed not only the cause of sickness and death but also the principal means of curing many diseases (soul loss). Its practices were also considered ways to protect oneself, to punish wrongdoers, and to satisfy personal ends.

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Discuss the impact of Spanish exploration and colonization, including the mission system

IMPACT OF SPANISH EXPLOR AND COLON.
Forced Natives to work as slaves in mines and plantations; most of the population died
• Forced to become Christians
Est. ‘New Spain’ colonies in Americas
Complete domination of the Atlantic Ocean and Routes to the Americas led to Spain being the dominant world power most of the 16th century
MISSION SYSTEM (1769--1833)
Built to convert Natives to Catholicism and expand European territory
• Served an important pol. role by est. a Spanish presence to war of competing European claims and keep Natives controlled by forced labor and relocation
• 21 missions in all
Brought many new cultural and religious ideas to California

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Impact of … its influence on the development of the agricultural economy of early California.

• Newly introduced livestock destroyed food resources
Missionaries directed the raising of large herds and flocks of cattle, sheep and goats, and horses, but most of the animals were not used to supplement the diet of the Indians
Missions became a source of food supply for military
• Successes in agriculture and livestock production were the foundations which supported mission expansion into other areas of economic endeavor: trade and manufacturing

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Describe Mexican rule in California (1821--1846).

Early 1800’sSpain’s hard-pressed Navy could not spare ships to bring supplies to the missions, presidios, and pueblos north of San Diego; so local authorities relaxed restrictions on trading with non-Spanish merchants so they could survive
• People of Alta California welcomed and accepted Mexican rule. Alta Californians became Mexican citizens; all citizens, whether of Indian or Spanish decent, were to be treated equally under Mexican law (although California Indians cont. to be treated unfairly)
• Mexican government began the process of secularizations: they took the church lands and property and gave them away. This resulted in the missions losing most of their power and wealth.
Created huge cattle ranches; most of the labor was performed by Ca Indians serving as Native Amer serfs.
Pop. increased b/c they began offering land grants for settlers to move to the area
• Settlers came to California because they thought of it as a place of opportunity because of trade and the economy grew under Mexican rule

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State the causes of the war between Mexico and the US (1846-1848)

• Mexico gains independence in 1821; Texas becomes part of Mexico
• Texans began to disagree with Mexican rule and in 1836, they declare their independence from them and form the Republic of Texas (US declined acceptance into Union b/c the North didn’t want a new slave state); fight several battles and gained their independence.
• 1845 Texas joins US; Mexico was unhappy with this and disagreed about border
• US declares war on Mexico in 1846; several battles ensued; US captures (capital) Mexico City in 1847
• Mexico agrees to peace Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848): agreed to border of TX at Rio Grande, sold a large area of land (CA, NV, UT, AZ, parts of WY, OK, NM, and CO) to the US for $15m
CAUSES:
• 1: Territory (land) disputes
• 2: Texas Annexation. Texas was admitted to the Union as a slave state 9 years after winning its independence from Mexico. Mexico did not recognize TX indep. or the annexation by the US
• 3: Manifest Destiny: Extend US across continent
• 4: Desire for Pacific port

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… and its (Mexican America War (1846-1848) consequences for California.

EFFECTS:
• 1: Wilmot Proviso (proposal to prohibit slavery in the Mexican cession; not passed; launches a debate over the spread of slavery that will lead to Civil War; was not adopted into law) and Gadsden Purchase (purchased land for $15m; finishes the continental US)
• 2: Gold Rush began in 1849: caused massive frenzy to org. and admit California into the Union.
• 3: Missouri Compromise line divided California, but it wasn’t a US territory (originally) so the Compromise of 1850 admitted California as a free state without deciding the fate of the remainder of the Mexican Cession. As well, the federal assumption of Texas debt, the abolishment of the slave trade in DC, and the stronger fugitive slave law. Alleviated the growing tensions over slavery and delayed a full-blown crisis over the issue

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Describe the discovery of gold (1848-1855) and its cultural, social,

DISCOVERY:
• 1st found when Sutter’s Mill was being constructed along the American River in Coloma, CA in Jan. 1848
• Nearly 300K people came to the area within 4 yrs.; crossing land and sea while trying to avoid diseases
• Few struck it rich, work was hard, prices were high, and living conditions were primitive
CULTURAL:
• Before: mostly Mexican and Native Amer lived in CA
• During: White, Chinese, African Americans, Europeans, and South Amer fled to the area
• Resulted in an enormous increase in CA’s non-Indian population. 95% of the migrants were men, however it attracted some of the 1st Chinese migrants to the western US. It also attracted Europeans, South Americans, Mexicans, and free blacks/slaves.
SOCIAL
• Towns and cities sprang up in the once-rural areas of CA (SF, Stockton, and Sacramento) SF’s importance was validated when it decided that the 1st transcontinental railroad would have a terminal there
• Mexican people who had lived in the region when it was part of Mexico saw their influence erode
• Amer miners resented the success of the Chinese and suspicious of their culture. As a result, forced Natives and foreigners out of the gold fields.
• Passed the Foreign Miners License Law (a discriminatory piece of legislation that charged foreign miners a $20 fee per month)
• Small # of women and children around gave newly arrived females a multitude of ways to make money
• Increased violence and lawlessness – duels, murders, public hangings, jail breakouts, vigilantism

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Describe the … political and economic effects in California,…
Gold Rush (1848-1855)

POLITICAL
• The pop. increase resulted in debate about CA being a free or slave state
ECONOMIC
• Pony Express (mail and parcel delivery system using ponies) was est. from CA to Midwest
• New bus. designed to satisfy needs of gold prospectors and the mining industry would ultimately result in prosperity for merchants
• Mining machinery manu became big business; increase prod. of lumber and creation of new flour mills
• Need for clothing increased; leather industry significantly increased
• Wholesale and retail developed at this time
• Those who did not succeed mining gold turned to ag; gave way for internat’l ag shipping and demand
• Econ expansion necessitated new fin. services
• New roads, bridges, ferries, wagons, and steamships were created to help people reach CA (eventually led to the Panama Canal)
• SF boomed and was chosen as the site for the Western terminal for the transatlantic RR (linked to East Coast through Omaha)

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Describe the … impact on American Indians and Mexican nationals
Gold Rush (1848-1855)

IMPACT ON NATIVES
• Increased violence against them: were pushed off their land and attacked by gold-seekers (“49ers”).
• Seen as competitors and were killed during the night
• Toxins and silt killed lots of fish and destroyed habitats; mining populations resulted in the disappearance of game animals
IMPACT ON MEX NAT’LS:
• Despite promises made in Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, Mex Amer (Californios) quickly lost their land to white settlers – often by force.
• Considered foreigners because CA was recently acquired by the US
• B/c they were foreigners/not US citizens yet, were subject to foreign taxes and regs
• Subject to racism and discriminations from miners; received lower wages for similar work and were attacked by mobs

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Identify key principles of the California Constitution, including the Progressive-era (1900-1920) reforms of initiative, referendum and recall, …

Initiative: Voters can propose and vote for new laws
Referendum: Legis. proposes a law, voters vote on it
Recall: Can remove an elected rep from office
• Progressive movement was primarily a response to problems created by abolitionist, nativists, industrialization, and segregation

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… and recognize similarities and differences between it and the US Constitution.

SIMILARITIES:
• Both documents have a bicameral (2 chambers) legislature. CA is state assembly (80) and state senate (40); US has House of Reps (435) and Senate (100)
• Outline the rights and respons. of citizens
• Est. branches of govt: exec, legis, and judicial
• State Assembly and US House of Reps, term is 2 yrs
CA:
• Both legislature rep is based on districts that are determined by the size of pop.
• Senators serve for 4 years
• Lieutenant Gov (= to US VP) is elected by voters and runs separately from the Gov.
• Atty Gen, Controller (CFO = Sec of Treasury), Sec of State, Superintendent of Public Instruction, and Treasurer are all elected by voters
• Judges of Supreme Court shall be elected at large and Judges of Courts of Appeal are elected by districts at general elections at same time as Gov – 12 year term
• Has specific const. guidelines for such fundamental State responsibilities as education, transportation, marriage, energy, and water. State Constitution has greater detail on managing such matters
• Added Initiative, referendum, and recall to its Constitution during the progressive-era
US:
• Federal legislature rep is based on the core democratic principle of 1 person, 1 vote in the House, Senate where each state has 2 reps
• Senators serve for 6 years
• Atty Gen, Secretary of Treasury (= Controller/CFO), Sec of State, Superintendent of Public Instruction, and Treasurer are apptd by Pres as part of Exec Cabinet
• Federal judges are appointed by Pres – term is life
• Has general framework for operating the govt

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Identify patterns of immigration to California, including the Dust Bowl migration, …

• 1931-39, a severe drought hit the Southern and Midwestern plains
• Crops died and winds picked up, dust storms began, carrying crops with them
• About 60% of population left the Dust Bowl region
• Economic depression and bad weather put many farmers out of business
• Thousands of Dust Bowl refugees (mainly from Oklahoma, Texas, Colorado, Kansas, and New Mexico) migrated west, hoping to find work.
• About 800K headed for CA
• Hard to find work because of Great Depression
• Term “Okies” was derogatory for poor migrant; ] FDR built 13 camps (each temp house 300 families in tents) on wooden platforms -- shantytowns, self-governing and had to work for room and board
• Used photography to document and prove to the US govt they needed help absorbing all the migrants (Migrant Mother)
• Federal govt implemented programs to help farmers who stayed; taught them proper farming practices to help preserve the soil; purchased land to let it regenerate (Taylor Grazing Act of 1934)

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… and discuss their impact on the cultural, economic,
Dust Bowl (1931-39)

CULTURAL
• Migrants were viewed as intruders; competing with longtime residents and jobs
• Migrants were feared as a health threat (living in camps and poor)
• A shantytown was burned, killing 1,500 migrants
ECONOMIC
• Those without money were turned away at the Stateline for vagrancy
• WW2 offered jobs in LA and SF at shipyards and aircraft factories for migrants
• Dust Bowl worsened the Great Depression by wreaking havoc on US ag and livestock
• Deflation from the Depression aggravated the plight of the Dust Bowl farmers; prices for the crops they could grow fell below subsistence levels

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social and political development of the state.
Dust Bowl (1931-39)

SOCIAL
• Migrants were feared as a health threat (living in camps and poor)
• 1 shantytown was burned, killing 1,500 migrants
• Migrants often traveled to diff farms in search of work
• Migrants traveled out to CA together – as many as could fit in a vehicle – with whatever they could bring
POLITICAL
• Police tried to stop migrants at border (“bum blockade”)
• Farmers slaughtered 6.4m pigs in 1933 to reduce supply, boosting prices 20%. In response, fed govt created the Surplus Relief Corporation: made sure excess farm output went to feed the poor
• FDR est. several measures to help alleviate the plight of the poor and displaced farmers; addressed the enviro degradation that had led to the Dust Bowl
• Congress est. the Prairie States Forestry Project in 1935: put local farmers to work planting trees as windbreaks on farms across the Great Plains. Also est. the Soil Erosion Service that implemented new farming techniques to combat the problem of soil erosion

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Describe historical and contemporary perspectives on cultural diversity in the US and in CA.

US
Historical perspective: Didn't welcome others. Having people occupy the white man's job and women was bad and punishable by death.
Contemporary perspective: Legislation that used to punish diversity has been revoked. Hate crimes are no longer out right acceptable across the nation. Laws now apply to all of us.
CA
Historical perspective: Diversity was bad because they took jobs
Contemporary perspective: More acceptable; people are more tolerant

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Understand the development and identify the locations of CA's major economic activities: mining, large-scale agriculture, …

Mining: Began during Gold Rush in 1848-55 in Coloma near Sacramento; other mining regions were found near tributaries to the San Joaquin (flowed north to join Sac Delta and east of SF Bay) and northwest around Trinity, Klamath, and Salmon Rivers. Early techniques involved “panning” gold; later techniques used a wooden “rocker” machine using pails of water could be processed at one time – allowing for teams of men to mine instead of one person. Once stream beds were exhausted, hard-rock miners took over using pickaxes. Hydraulic-mining was dev: streams and rivers were diverted from their original courses to provide water for primitive high-pressure hoses that washed down the gravel from the hillside (was banned in 1884).
Large-scale ag: Initially near the coast and the Sacramento-San Joaquin Riv Delta in Central Valley. The Chinese constructed hundreds of levees throughout the Delta’s waterways in the 1880’s to try to control flooding, reclaim and preserve flooded land that could be converted into farmland (now grows rice). Central Valley Project formed in 1935 to redistribute water from NorCal to the Central Valley and SoCal helped dev more of the Central Valley. CA Aqueduct and ancillary dams was then created in 1950s to capture and store water; Colorado Riv Aqueduct delivers water from CO Riv to Imperial Valley; LA Aqueduct delivers water from Owens Valley to LA City. Political problems with water still remain. CA leads US in production of fruit, vegetables, wines, nuts, cannabis, grapes, cotton, flowers, oranges, dairy. Good farming practices, good soil, and a long growing season, modern ag methods, and extensive irrigation systems make it highly productive.

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Development and identify the locations of major economic activities:… entertainment, recreation, aerospace, electronics and international trade.

Entertainment: Early 1900s: Cheap land, good year-round climate, and large natural spaces prompted the growing film industry to begin migrating towards SoCal.
Recreation: Several Nat’l Parks throughout state, 840mi of coastline, and theme parks.
Aerospace: Favorable climate makes aviation easily possible – esp. in SoCal; started commercially in 1910 with the LA Internat’l Air Meet; 1st flight school in the world is founded at CAs 1st airport in 1911; 1925 1st airmail and passenger route from LA to SLC; 1926 Lockhead Aircraft Co is founded in 1926; LAX opens in 1930; famous female aviator Pancho Barnes sets up the Women’s Air Reserve (military) in 1934; LA companies and residents play a huge part in the USA’s WW2 aircraft manufacturing; Hughes Aircraft Co builds worlds 1st geosynchronous communications satellite (Syncom 2); Apollo 9 built in CA lands on the moon in 1969; 1st space shuttle orbiter, The Enterprise, is rolled out by Rockwell Internat’l in 1976
Electronics: 1943: manufacturing equip (computers, machinery, transportation equip, and metal products) has increased rapidly. Leaders at Stanford University (since 1890’s) saw its mission as leading the dev of the west and shaped the school accordingly. Silicon Valley began to grow as tech leader (accounts for 1/3 of all venture capital investments in the US). Some smaller, low-tech and low-wage companies are in SoCal.
International trade: Most to least: Computers and electronics, transport, non-electrical machinery, ag, and chemicals. Provides over 1m jobs for CAs today

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Identify factors leading to the dev of CA's water delivery system, and describe its relationship to CA geography.

• CA receives 75% of its rain and snow in the watersheds north of Sac.
• 80% of CAs water demand comes from the southern 2/3 of the state
• As people migrated to the southern mild climate and ag richness in the late 1800s and early 1900s, it was quickly apparent that the region’s water supply wouldn’t support the growing pop.
• Several water projects were built to import it into SoCal and Central Valley.
Hetch Hetchy Project (1913): Valley (in Yosemite) was highly pop. with naturalists, residences from SF wanted to use the territory to get water for their own growing pop. The battle went on for more than a decade over whether or not to have a dam. Conservationists (held that enviro should be used in a conscientious manner to benefit society) vs. preservationists (nature should be protected, saved from human interference). Conservationists were people of SF who said the reservoir was nec. for the health of their city; Preservationists (John Muir) argued that Congress should protect the Valley from destruction. Congress passed legislation and Pres Wilson signed the bill into law in 1913; construction began after WWI (1914-18). Serves as primary water source for SF.
Central Valley Project (CVP) (1930s): Fed gov got involved to support the arid but fertile land and its ag economy; transports water from Lake Shasta to Bakersfield.
State Water Project (SWP): constructed in the 1960s and 70s to supply water to more than 27m people and 1m acres of farmland. Planned, constructed, and operated by Dept. of Water Resources, it’s one of the most extensive systems and remains key to CAs economy. The Edmonston Pumping Plant (s of Tehachapi Mnts) pumps water 1900ft up and over the ridge into SoCal, making it the world’s tallest water lift.
Metropolitan Water District (MWP): Transports water from the Colorado River to SoCal; is the region’s primary source of drinking water.
The Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta is the heart of the CA water system. The natural hydrology where CAs 2 main rivers join and find their way to sea and the export pool of pumping water to millions in Bay Area, San Joaquin Valley, Central Coast, and SoCal.
• Supplies water to farms, cities, and industry, provides flood control, recreational opportunities, and water for fish and wildlife. The SWP water storage facility provides year-round recreation opportunities for communities and tourists. Lake Orovill (SWPs largest reservoir) was originally built in response to the Yuba City flood in 1955; serves as a critical function to prevent catastrophic flood damage in exceptionally rainy years.

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