Guglielmo Marconi
invention of radio, 1895
Alexander Graham Bell
invented the telephone, 1876
Thomas Edison
invented the electric light, 1879
Wilbur and Orville Wright
invented the airplane, 1903
Karl Benz
invented the automobile, 1885
Industrialization
the process by which mechanization and technology replaced human labor as the primary means of manufacturing.
Second Industrial Revolution
the movement of the U.S. economy towards rapid industrialization in the last half of the 19th century, characterized by the spread of railroads, mass production, assembly-line processes, the massive growth of the oil and steel industries, and mass electrification.
Scientific management
an approach pioneered by Frederick W. Taylor that sought to maximize efficiency in industrial processes and conditions.
Railroads
the development of railroad networks across the United States was one of the major drivers of industrialization in the late 19th century.
Bessemer Process
the Bessemer process was the first inexpensive industrial process for the mass production of steel from molten pig iron.
trusts
a large partnership, formed between companies that allegedly are competing against each other, for the purpose of controlling the market for a given product or service. Trusts work effectively as monopolies.
American Federation of Labor (AFL)
The American Federation of Labor (AFL) was one of the first federations of labor unions in the United States.It was founded in Columbus, Ohio in December 1886 by an alliance of craft unions disaffected from the Knights of Labor, a national labor association.
Antitrust Law
The United States antitrust law is a body of laws that prohibits anti-competitive behavior (monopoly) and unfair business practices. Anti-trust laws are intended to encourage competition in the marketplace.
Bessemer Process
The Bessemer process was the first inexpensive industrial process for the mass production of steel from molten pig iron.
Carnegie Steel Company
Carnegie Steel Company was a steel producing company created by Andrew Carnegie to manage business at his steel mills in the Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania area in the late 1st century. Consolidation: The act or process of consolidating, making firm, or uniting; the state of being consolidated; solidification; combination.
financier
A person who, as a profession, profits from large financial transactions.
horizontal integration
The integrating of identical stages in the production or marketing process under the ownership or control of a single management organization.
Mechanization
The use of machinery to replace human or animal labor, especially in agriculture and industry.
Monopoly
A monopoly (from Greek monos μ (alone or single) + polein π (to sell)) exists when a specific person or enterprise is the only supplier of a particular commodity. Monopolies are thus characterized by a lack of economic competition to produce the good or service and a lack of viable substitute goods..
Trust
A group of businessmen or traders organized for mutual benefit to produce and distribute specific commodities or services, and managed by a central body of trustees.
vertical integration
The integrating of successive stages in the production and marketing process under the ownership or control of a single management organization.
Great Migration
the name for the large wave of African Americans who left the South after the Civil War, mostly moving to cities in the Northeast and Upper Midwest
Ellis Island
A 27.5 acres island in the states of New Jersey and New York where millions of immigrants and others were processed.
Immigration Station
A place at which new immigrants to a country are processed and evaluated by an authority appointed by the recipient government.
xenophobia
A strong antipathy or aversion to strangers or foreigners.
immigrant
A person who comes to a country from another country in order to permanently settle in the new country.
Jacob Riis
was a Danish American social reformer, "muckraking" journalist and social documentary photographer.He is known for using his photographic and journalistic talents to help the impoverished in New York City; those impoverished New Yorkers were the subject of most of his prolific writings and photography.He endorsed the implementation of "model tenements" in New York with the help of humanitarian Lawrence Veiller.
mass transit
A large-scale transportation system in which the passengers do not travel in their own vehicles.
political machine
A local political organization that controls a large number of personal votes and can therefore exert political influence
Tenement House Act of 1901
One of the reforms of the Progressive Era, the New York State Tenement House Act of 1901 was one of the first such laws to ban the construction of dark, poorly ventilated tenement buildings in the state of New York.Among other sanctions, the law required that new buildings must be built with outward-facing windows in every room, an open courtyard, indoor toilets and fire safeguards. urbanization the process of the formation and growth of cities
urbanization
the process of the formation and growth of cities